How the Weather Affects Conductors (photo credit: Todd Klassy via Flickr)
Sag
Notice how a conductor is strung between poles. It is not pulled tight; it sags. In hot weather it sags even more than in cold weather. Consider the analogy of the clothesline.A tightly strung clothesline as shown in Figure 1a puts a much greater strain on the poles which hold it at either end. Adding the weight of wet clothes to a tightly strung line might even pull the poles out of place. However, using a little more rope and allowing the clothesline to dip a little (see Figure 1b) would relieve this pull considerably.
This dip is what is called sag. The same applies to stringing wire.
When
metallic wire is strung tightly, it produces a greater strain on the
insulator pins and on the pole. Scientific sag is an important factor in
stringing wire.
Figure
1 – Illustration of sag. (a) A taut line causes strain on poles. (b)
With a properly sagged line, poles can easily withstand strain.
A line sags more in hot weather and less in cold weather. The reason for this is because conductors expand in hot weather; in other words the length of the conductor increases as the temperature increases.
It follows that in cold weather the metallic conductor will be shorter than in warm weather.
If
the wire were strung without sag, it would snap during cold weather. On
the other hand, there is a chance a wire strung with too much sag would
dip below the specified clearance in warm weather (Figure 2).
Figure
2 – Conductor expansion. (a) Conductors shrink in cold weather and
expand in hot weather. (b) The line must never sag below the minimum
clearance. (c) The line must never be so tight that it strains the
poles.
For copper conductors, the change in length within a temperature range of 100′ to 0° is over 5 feet per 1000 feet; for aluminum the change is almost 7 feet.
Besides the temperature, there are other factors that must be considered in determining the sag of a conductor, for example:
- the length of the span,
- the weight of the conductors,
- wind
- ice loading